Analysis of The Trouble with Fries Essay - 800 Words

Analysis of â€Å"The Trouble with Fries† Malcolm Gladwell’s article â€Å"The Trouble with Fries† is about a very invasive topic. Fast Food is killing us. Can it be fixed? Although his thesis statement isn’t exactly clear, he effectively uses evidence to convince his audience that a nutrition movement is needed especially for fast food. By discussing many factors with supporting evidence that is factual he shows why fast food is struggling to have a nutrition movement. Malcolm Gladwell uses some very shocking facts about French fries and how unhealthy they are for the body. He states the average American eats about thirty pounds of French fries a year. In 1990, health concerns arose about using animal-based cooking oil to deep fry them. This†¦show more content†¦Proctor and Gamble, the developers of Olestra, performed a test and found that people eating typical amounts of Olestra-based chips don’t have significantly more gastrointestinal problems than people eating normal chips. The FDA is now reviewing this finding. Gladwell used this to point out that it’s entirely possible, right now, to make a French fry without many dangerous health concerns. The very strong point of this article is that Malcolm Gladwell not only uses French fries in his argument, but beef as well, to prove that it is not only the FDA holding back a nutrition movement. Gladwell uses evidence found by Auburn University. The Auburn Team created what they called the AU Lean beef. This was a beef patty that was  ¾ water, 20% protein, 5% fat and,  ¼ seaweed. They did a blind taste test comparison of AU Lean burgers and traditional McDonald’s burgers. The AU Lean burgers won overall. AU Lean also won in a test of 100 families trying AU Lean, market beef, and 5% fat beef. What this showed was that people can be fooled into thinking they’re eating a lot of fat when they really aren’t. Shortly after, McDonald’s came out with the McLean Deluxe, using AU Lean beef. It was sold as the healthy choice, therefore people were informed it was healthy and it went off the market. This was great evidence Gladwell used that proved Americans thi nk healthier food won’t taste as well. There was also evidence that children alsoShow MoreRelatedLesson of the Moth Poetry Analysis860 Words   |  4 PagesAmber Brewer Dr. Fussell ENGL 1302 April 8, 2011 â€Å"The lesson of the moth† Analysis by Don Marquis The title of this poem by Don Marquis is The Lesson of the Moth because it is a poem about the thoughts of a moth and his outlook on life. The overall poem would be considered argumentative being the moth is trying to inform the man that he should live his life and let his hair down a little more instead of relishing the everyday routines of life. This is shown in paragraph 3 when the moth saysRead MoreLeadership Qualities And Responsibilities Of A Nurse Manager769 Words   |  4 Pagesand leadership qualities and roles differ in establishing and achieving organizational goals. Leadership behavior and management behavior will be discussed. Lastly, a rationale of effective manager and leadership behaviors will be described. Analysis of Management and Leadership Roles According to Marquis and Huston (2015), management functions include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Leadership, however, is a process of persuading and influencing others toward a goalRead MorePrevalence And Growth Of Cohabitation756 Words   |  4 PagesPrevalence and Growth of Cohabitation, by Richard Fry, a senior researcher at the Pew Research Center, and D’vera Cohn, a senior writer and editor at the Pew Research Center, reports on the increasing trend of cohabiting couples. The research shows that the number of couples cohabiting has doubled, from 3% to 7%, over the past 15 years. The study was conducted by the Pew Research Center, and from what I have read there seem to be no gaps or omissions in the research presented. Study: Are CohabitingRead MoreCasual Analysis Essay : Obesity Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesCasual Analysis Essay: Obesity There is an ongoing problem in the United States. According to the â€Å"Associated Press† this all began during the 1980’s and has got increasingly worse, especially in children. For children the obesity percentage has tripled and for adults it has doubled. The â€Å"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention† tells us that there are 97 million obese adults. This number is expected to increase by over 42 percent by 2030. If a persons body weights is 30% or higher then he orRead MoreBlood Pressure, The Pressure Of Blood913 Words   |  4 Pageseliminate health dangers. â€Å"An unusual blood pressure reading by itself, may not necessarily demand a 911 call† (Thomas, George M.D, 2015). While the unusual blood pressure reading may not be a 911 emergency at that moment, it can still be a sign of trouble arising. It is important for to realize the seriousness of rises in blood pressure. Hypertension can be prevented with regular checking and monitoring o f the blood pressure. If blood pressure reaches 140/90 or higher should be treated with medicationRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Mcdonald s Australia Holdings1552 Words   |  7 PagesSWOT analysis of McDonald’s Australia Holdings 1. Executive analysisAustraliaï ¼Å¡SWOT analysis of McDonald’s Australia Holdings ä » £Ã¥â€ â„¢ This report intends to evaluate the external and internal environment of McDonald’s Australia Holdings, in which new product is to be realized and defining strategies appropriate to its realization. In this report, it will analyze the external and internal environments (SWOT) of the McDonald’s Australia Holdings, which includes the strengths, weakness, opportunities andRead MoreThe Vulnerability of African Americans to Heart Disease1347 Words   |  5 Pagesmeans of mitigating the risk of contacting heart disease is by observing dietary combination. Individuals must keep a balanced diet always in order to avoid dietary concerns later on in life. The most common symptoms include chest discomfort, nausea, trouble sleeping, breathing problems, and unusual tiredness. The heart disease The heart disease is one of the killer diseases among the American women. The heart disease is a heart group disease and the hearts blood vessel system. The most common typeRead MoreThe, The And, And The New York Times And Tehran1515 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategies in English opinion articles written by American and Iranian journalists. To this end, two of the leading newspapers in the United States and Iran, The New York Times and Tehran Times, have been chosen. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of textual features and marked and unmarked themes of 12 opinion articles (6 from each newspaper), this study aims to find out how these two groups of professional writers organize their themes, into marked and unmarked ones and what effects theseRead MoreDiet Analysis Project1001 Words   |  5 Pagesimprovement. I occasionally follow the latest diet fads because I believed it would be better for my health, but in turn it really hurt more than it helped! This Diet Analysi s project has been extremely useful course because I can personally relate to it and can use much of the information learned to my daily routines. The Diet Analysis project was a real eye opener because it let me see what exactly I was putting into my diet. My recommendation of carbohydrate intake was just below the DRI recommendationsRead MoreTheory of Demand and Supply16547 Words   |  67 Pagesallocation of resources, so a natural question to ask is whether the market allocation of resources is efficient. This is a large and complex question. Over the next few chapters, we will explore some of the dimensions of the question and its answer. Analysis of Markets ________________________________________ Our approach to market theory will be first analytic and then synthetic. To analyze something is to take it apart into its components. Common sense tells us that competitive markets work through

Informative Speech Of Animal Cruelty On Domestic Pets And...

Hello, my name is Sharmarke Farah and I will be giving a speech on the topic of Animal Cruelty on Domestic Pets/Animals. Let me start off by defining animal cruelty. Animal cruelty or animal abuse is the harm and suffering done to animals by humans; whether it be intentional or unintentional (2). Unintentional animal abuse is when a person neglects and ignores the suffering of an animal (2). The other form of abuse is intentional animal cruelty, which is when an individual causes harm or injury to an animal on purpose just to feel in control and powerful (2). In this speech, I will be focusing on only domestic animals, etc. cats, and dogs. Did you know that there are approximately 45,000 complaints of animal cruelty in Canada a year? (6)†¦show more content†¦The second form of animal cruelty is intentional animal abuse. This is when the owner of the pet or animal is committing physical abuse towards their animal on purpose. This type of abuse is very serious because the owne r that is committing harm could possibly cause harm to humans in the future. It was found that pet owners that were physically and emotionally abusive to their pets experienced abuse in the past (1). For example, there are parts of Ontario that still engage in dog fighting even though it is illegal in Canada. What is dog fighting? It is when two dogs are put in a ring to fight each other just for the fun of those watching. These fights cause the poor dogs to suffer serious injuries that may even lead to their death (4). Although there are many raids that happen in Ontario to bust these dog fighting arenas, there are so many undetected ones that go on every single day (4). Neglect and abuse have many effects on pets/animals. Firstly, animals that suffer abuse and cruelty tend to be more aggressive and scared towards humans. Also, shelters have no choice to take in many abused animals every year (5). The problem is people do not want to take home abused animals because of their aggression and unloving nature. That leaves shelters no choice but to eventually end the lives of these poor, abused animals (5). If animals were treated kindly

Outline the Level of Engery Security in the Uk Free Essays

Assess the level of energy security in the UK Energy security is defined as the extent to which an affordable, reliable and stable energy supply can be achieved. Over the last few decades, the energy situation in the UK has constantly been changing, from producing enough oil and natural gas to be a net exporter of both fuels to now being on the brink of not importing and producing enough energy to meet the nations’ demands. The past decades of the UK’s energy were probably brighter days than what we can look forward to in the future, with one researcher from Cambridge University, Professor David MacKay, suggesting the UK could face severe blackouts by 2016 (UK ‘could face blackouts by 2016’ – BBC News Sept 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Outline the Level of Engery Security in the Uk or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the general use of energy in the UK has not increased huge amounts, with per capita usage in 1965 at 3. 6 tonnes oil equivalent per year and in 2005 at 3. 8 tonnes oil equivalent, the energy security of the UK has worsened considerably. As global population increases and more countries are using larger amounts of fossil fuels to meet their energy demands, the UK is limited to the amount it can import and is put under pressure to use more renewable sources of energy. Problems within geopolitics has also caused problems for the UK’s energy security as prices fluctuate, changing the amount of oil we can export and how much we have to pay for our imported energy. Past When BP records began, the UK was getting 98% of its primary energy from burning fossil fuels like oil, natural gas and coal mainly due to the increasing transportation and power generation sectors. Pre-1976, the UK was a large importer of oil due to the fact there were very few known oil sources that could be used domestically. In the following years North Sea oil was discovered and production got underway, meaning the UK could gradually reduce their imports and rely more on domestic oil. Within a few years, in 1981 the UK had become a net exporter of oil showing that at this time there was no major issue with energy security but instead that there was a surplus and a chance to make some money. The use of natural gas in the UK did not get started until 1968 and production was thriving for 30 years ntil its peak in 2000 and then saw a gradual decline. The UK imported very little gas, and most of the gas produced from the North Sea was consumed in the UK and only for a brief period did the UK actually export natural gas. During the peak times of natural gas production, it was introduced as a replacement for coal for home heating and power generation as it’s a much cleaner source of energy and could help to reduce the air pollution in cities. Up until 1995 the UK imported some natural gas from Holland and Norway which could also be an important connection for the future. In the 60s, coal was the UKs main source of primary energy, accounting for around 60% of the daily consumption, but by 1999 this number had declined to just 16%, showing how the UK had found other sources of energy giving a much larger diversity to their energy consumption. If you were to give the UK a score for the energy security index for this period, it would probably be a similar score to today but for different reasons. The diversity score would be much lower as it is clear that the UK relied on coal, oil and gas and got very little energy from any other sources. However, the availability score would be much higher because we relied much less on imports and the majority of energy consumed was produced domestically. Present In 2006, the percentage of primary energy that comes from oil, coal and gas had reduced from 98% to 92%, showing that UK had introduced new renewable schemes and were increasing their diversity. Over the past 4 decades, population has increased from 54,350,000 to 60,245,000 but the per capita consumption has remained fairly constant with a slight increase to 3. 8 tonnes oil equivalent. Although the UK was relying less on oil and gas consumption, we had once become a net importer of oil in 2006, when North Sea Oil production had started to decline. The falling production and rising prices of oil are predicted to have a huge negative effect on the UK’s economy. We could see a ? 5 billion profit in 2000 to a deficit of over ? 20 billion by 2012. It is estimated that there are still 20 billion barrels of oil available to exploit, but there is a worry that in the competitive market, investment is likely to go to other places in the world and this oil could go to waste. There are also worries that with the declining production nd increased reliance on imports that our oil supply could be limited. There is hope that drilling in the Falkland Islands will produce enough oil to pay-off the billion pound deficit. The UK is also having serious problems with coal and gas production which is leading to even more imports. We have once again become a net importer of both fu els, and as the market becomes more competitive these fuels will sell themselves to the highest bidders meaning that everyone in the UK will have to start paying more for their energy. Many people are starting to question why we do not use more renewable energy sources like wind, solar or nuclear energy. Critics say that we shouldn’t rely on wind energy because of its intermittent nature and it would make more sense to spend the money on improving nuclear technologies. The argument for nuclear energy is a controversial one however as people have heard worrying things about nuclear power plants. ‘As long as you don’t mention the words Chernobyl, or nuclear waste, or planning permission’ (Association of Commercial Energy Assessors (ACEA) 2011) nobody would have major problems with nuclear energy but would instead see an opportunity to produce lots of cost-effective, clean energy. A report from the Lords economic affairs committee has also suggested it would be worth while spending money on new power plants that are ‘connected to carbon capture and storage schemes’. This report also attacked the government’s plans of relying more on clean energy sources, saying that it is a way of ignoring the UK’s energy crisis and could also start costing households and extra ? 80 per year. It is clear that at this moment in time, the UK is fairly energy insecure as it has a massive reliance on foreign imports and the diversity of energy sources is fairly limited. Energy security has become a key issue for the government and there are plans in place to try and sort the problem. Future/Key Concerns Perhaps the biggest worry for the UK’s energy future is highlighted in the book ‘Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air’ by Professor David MacKay, where MacKay says the UK ‘could face blackouts by 2016’. The book concluded with the fact that the projections for power stations and new technologies does not add up and ‘not enough power capacity is being built’. He told BBC News this could happen while coal and nuclear power stations come to the end of their productive lives and are phased out. Professor MacKay believes we need to invest more money into renewable and blames the public, for rejecting proposals of wind farms and nuclear power plants while demanding a unchanged lifestyle, for the possible energy problems. He also says how he thinks the blackouts could be the only way to get people to realise that we need to invest in modern nuclear technology and other clean sources of energy, rather than relying on the limited supplies of coal, oil and gas. In another report, written by Ian Fells (a professor at the University of Newcastle), the point about the blackouts was reinforced and the extent to which it could cause huge problems for the UK was made evident when he said ‘We had a power cut in 2003 for about 12 hours in the City of London – the consequential loss was about ? 700m because everything stops. All you IT stops, the stock market doesn’t work. ’ This shows the economic losses of 12 hours of blackouts in just the City of London, so the threat of national blackouts for days would cost the UK economy billions of pounds. Fells’ report shows the same gloomy future as Professor MacKay’s book, with worries that over the next decade the UK will lose one third of its electricity producing capacity as we won’t have the renewable energy to cope and nuclear power stations won’t be ready. Fells also makes a point about how we will have to keep many nuclear and coal-fired power stations open long past their ‘sell-by-date’ which would not be good for the environment. Fells believes the controversial Kings North power station in Kent could also be needed, but it would need to be fitted with carbon capture and storage technology before it was brought into use. Ofgem have produced a major report on Britain’s energy supplies, to which it was concluded that by 2015 we will be hit by a ‘perfect storm’ that could cost the UK at least ? 200 billion to secure our energy supplies but to also meet carbon emissions targets set by the Kyoto Protocol. Conclusion Over the past 5 decades, the UKs energy situation has never been great, we have always relied on some foreign imports and we have never really introduced any major renewable energy schemes. However, our energy security has become progressively worse and is predicted to get worse still. If we do not start to introduce some more nuclear plants or renewable energy schemes then we will have very little energy available to us as oil prices rise and supplies run low. Power is soon to become a very expensive commodity as we try to cope with the challenge of rapid growth and so it is certain that very soon everyone in the UK will have to start paying more for their power. How to cite Outline the Level of Engery Security in the Uk, Papers

English landscape garden free essay sample

England in the early 18th century, and spread Engllscher Garten In Munich. The dominant style was revised in the early 19th century to include more gardenesque[20] features, including shrubberies with gravelled walks, tree plantations to satisfy botanical curiosity, and. ost notably, the return of flowers, In skirts of sweeping planted beds. English gardening since the 1840s has been on a more restricted scale, closer and more allied to the residence. Always present is a pond or small lake with a pier orbrldge_ Overlooking the pond Is a round or hexagonal pavilion. often In the shape of a monopteros, a Roman temple. Sometimes the park also has a Chinese pavilion. Other elements include a grotto and imitation ruins. A second style of English garden, which became popular during the 20th century In France and northern Europe, is the late 19th-century English cottage garden. The cottage garden is a distinct style of garden that uses an informal design, traditional materials, dense plantings, and a mixture of ornamental and edible plants. We will write a custom essay sample on English landscape garden or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With its softly rolling greenery, its irregular patches of water especially the serpentine lakes Its naturally planted clumps of trees and Its painterly views of uildings pregnant with meaning, the English landscape garden was a tremendous export hit. Characteristics of the English landscape style of gardening? Lines are curved and meandering of classical temples, ruins, and benches The garden is opened up to the surrounding parkland, and the parkland becomes a part of the garden scheme. This is often achieved by using a ha-ha, or hidden ditch Lawns come right up to the house, often at the expense of any regular flower garden Plantings of different height, shape, and colour trees and shrubs were used to construct a balanced view and lines of sight The English landscape movement was inspired by the Dutch landscape paintings of the 16th and 17th centuries. These paintings did not capture reality but instead sought to represent an ideal. In the 18th century, estate owners, no longer content to just hanging these ideals on the wall, set about to create the perfect paradise in life. To create a perfect environment, ideas were collected from many places, such as Greece, Holland and China, and from many disciplines, such as art, philosophy and science. All of these ideas were then integrated into the English garden. Where there ere straight lines and geometry, the new English landscape design would use serpentine curves and irregular shapes. Under the influence of designers such as William Kent and Capability Brown, there was a dismantling of formal gardens in favor of natural gardens. As much as these designers fought against the forced control provided in formal gardens, they also strong-armed nature into their own ideal. The English landscape movement exerts a tremendous influence over modern landscape design. One only needs to watch a gardening show to see informal shapes and gracious, flowing curves. Many homeowners associate this style with the low- maintenance, informal outdoor lifestyle they love, regardless of the actual amount of work involved in keeping up an informal garden. Characteristics Use of irregular shapes and flowing curves A series of views with focal points of ruins and benches Open to the surrounding land that becomes a part of the design Lawns come up to the house often at the expense border gardens English Garden Characteristics The English garden characteristics allow it to flow into the landscape in a random but controlled design. Whether you have several acres or a small space, you can ransform it into a quaint garden with modifications of its main characteristics. Read more: http://www. ehow. com/list_7579695_english-garden- characteristics. html#ixzz2eHvbNPXs 1. Shapes Soft curves and winding, pebble strewn paths that have a rustic charm and give a sense of movement is a main characteristic of an English garden. Geometric forms for flower and herb beds such as squares and rectangles provide tidy areas in a relaxed setting. A common feature is a wooden bench positioned along or at the end of a pathway, and usually in front of a small pond or fountain. Statues and large lower pots normally line walkways as ornaments. Flowers An English gardens main flower is the rose, which often grows on a trellis, climbs and hybrid roses, or any variety of your choice. Other flowers accessorize the roses. English garden expert Gertrude Jekyll, author of The Making of a Garden, stated, The repeated use of hollyhocks, dahlias and peonies and irises, each in a range of colors, emphasize a changing color scheme and unify the garden with their distinctive forms. Sponsored Links Cartoon Yourself for Free Create your own Cartoon Now! Get The App Join The Zwinky World ww. Zwinky. com/Supersecret Herbs and Vegetables The English garden also serves a practical function of growing herbs and vegetables used in daily cooking while boosting the gardens colors and scents. Thyme, rosemary, dill and basil are common herbs grown in a separate garden bed. A variety of vegetables such as carrots, lettuce, squash and cucumbers and tomatoes normally grow beside the herbs in other beds. Topiary Romans introduced topiary, the art of shaping hedges, to England in the 7th century. It adds height and flair to an English garden while dividing it into sections. According o Ursula Buchan, author of The English Garden, Well manicured hedges shaped as cones, spirals or animal shapes remain a strong visual element in informal gardens, and express the owners creativity and sense of humor. English Landscape Gardens Lines were no longer straight, paths curve and wander, and parterres are replaced by grass. Trees were planted in clusters rather than in straight lines, and rounded lakes replaced the rectangular ponds of the earlier style. The garden became open, a park joining the house to the outside world rather than a carefully nurtured refuge from t. The landscape garden made the English country house a part of the fields and farmlands surrounding it. Gone were hedgerows and fences. Gone, too, were formal beds and walks. Grass parkland was brought right up to the doors of the house. I would say that the main element that defines the English Garden stile is randomness. Paths are not straight and do not converge, pretty much the same way as they do not in a natural setting. The eye is meant to be enchanted by the diversity of the flora and by the way it combines in arbitrary harmonies. No straight lines and o geometric forms are forced upon the natural setting. Another element is the existence of water. For some reason nature looks more dramatic when water is introduced in the picture. It gives the viewer a more complete palette of sensations. There are three other characteristics of the garden at Close Memorial Park that are quintessentially English†the use of a statue on a plinth, a meandering path, and the retaining wall fronting the garden. Longley admits that the statue is a substitute for the more quintessential English sundial that he has so far been unable to obtain locally.

All Money, All the Time essays

All Money, All the Time essays In Richard Brookhisers article All Junk, All the Time, Brookhiser explores elements of rock music which will never change because as he states it is so easy to do well enough (Brookhiser 607). He claims that popular culture rock music, or pop, is inferior to the musical stylings of classical, jazz, and show tunes. Contrary to these superior forms of music, rock music requires no talent, it uses repetitive lyrics to play to listeners with inferior intellect, and above all there is easy money to be made. Brookhisers viewpoint may appear haughty or altruistic, but in reality his statement is fact. This type of satirical commentary has existed for generations and will for many more. His claim that drumming is easy and can be faked mirrors Voltairian commentary of long past. He argues that the guitar is not a refined instrument and in support offers that this instrument does not require years of training and is not used as curriculum in university musical studies. Unrefined instruments beget unrefined music, which begets unrefined dancing. This idea elicits sighs of relief from men around the world. After all, who has time to take dance lessons? Rock lovers can do well enough by gyrating in place, bumping and grinding. Come dance, its easy! Perhaps Transcontinental Records CEO, Lou Pearlman, accentuates the most egregious offense of the pop music industry. According to Jim Slotek of the Toronto Sun Pearlman is, in short, the guy who created The Backstreet Boys and Nsync in a blimp hanger in Orlando, Fla., and watched his bright ideas generate more than $2 billion in sales (Slotek 1). Since his creation of the two most profitable cookie cutter boybands Pearlmans boyband factory has, in concert with ABC, begun work on the next big thing to hit screaming teenyboppers everywhere, O-Town. This m ...

Marketing Mix of Yorkshire Tea

Marketing Mix of Yorkshire Tea Abstract The aim of the research was to determine the right marketing mix for price, promotion, product, and place for Yorkshire Tea to put it at a competitive edge with its key competitors by identifying and determining the right market and their needs to tailor its product to meet customer needs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Mix of Yorkshire Tea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Yorkshire Tea is one of the tea beverages that are widely consumed by a number of people in the beverage market occupying about 27% of drinks besides alcohol, water, soft drinks, and coffee. Research has shown that Yorkshire Tea occupies a 20% share of the market while its closest competitors PG Tips is estimated to occupy 18%, Twinning’s estimated to occupy 18%, Tetley estimated to occupy 16%, and Other brands that occupy 28% of the market. The demographic consumption of Yorkshire tea is characteristic of a n even distribution. Product information is readily available online, magazines, newspapers, and other retail outlets. Methodology A five member team was formed to conduct the research discussed as follows. These members consisted of Leo, Emma, Jason, Imad, and the group leader. The team planned way before hand on the tools to use for conducting the interview and analysing the results. According to their plan, questionnaires were administered on a number of male and female participants. The percentage composition of the participants in age was designed as follows: below 16-2%, 17-25-42%, 26-35-34%, 36-45-18%, 46-59-4%, and above 60-0%. The team had identified the outside of the shopping mall located near Univercity. Each participant was required to provide information by filling in the questionnaire on one’s most preferred drink, and the frequency with which the drink of choice was taken. In addition to that, participants were required to fill in the questionnaire on the most preferred tea among the range of tea beverages that were perceived to be York Shire’s Tea competitors. Competing tea beverages against Yorkshire that were researched on included, Yorkshire Tea itself, PG Tips, Twinning’s, Tetley, and other tea beverages from other destinations. Each participant was required to indicate how they came to know Yorkshire Tea with the options of Televisions, magazines, Newspapers, and people to select from. Other information sources could be online and an individual’s own encounter with the product.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to article Novak (2010, p.1), further research was conducted on the volume of sales of York Shire Tea and the packaging done on the product. The effect of different packaging methods and the perceived value and customer loyalty to the brand thus created were identified to range from light red, dark red, blue, brown, and green and their respective percentage packaging were analyzed. Customers supplied information on their preferred product price, which was evaluated on the scale of very expensive, expensive, fair, and cheap to very cheap. The information was presented graphically for analysis purposes. According to McNamara (n.d, p.1), each respondent was required to provide information on the most preferred customer they thought the product was tailored to target. In addition to that, each participant provided recommendations on any improvements to be made on the product they thought was desirable to meet their needs. Results and Analysis According to the research it was established that Yorkshire Tea (n.d, p.1) enjoyed a 20% consumption rate as compared to its competitors. Data was analyzed and presented graphically. It was established that other tea beverages competitively occupied 28% of the market, while the closest competitors had 18% and 16% shares in the market. That indicated how competitive the market was in terms of customer base for the product to maintain a strong customer base and sustain its position and increase its market share. Thus the concept of place, where to market the product, its brand name could seriously impact on its position in the market. The quality of product packaging, consumption warranties and other aspects should be incorporated in product design and differentiated to meet target market needs. According to the Novak (2010, p.1), the research indicated that the pricing of the product should be consistent with market demographics, which could depend on, among other factors production costs of Yorkshire Tea, supply chain components such as transportation. McCarthy (2010, p.1) argues that other pricing components for consideration included warehousing, advertising costs, public relations, and administration activities. According to the article Yorkshire Tea, they were realized to be pertinent factors t o integrate in product promotion to succeed in sustaining and increasing the market share for the product affirmed in the article Yorkshire Tea.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Mix of Yorkshire Tea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Internet, magazines, newspapers, and other marketing were identified to take shares in advertising the product. The Yorkshire Tea (n.d, p.1) promotional schemed were realized not meet all the marketing needs as each occupied a relatively small share. According to the article The Marketing Mix, product pricing was perceived to be relatively expensive for the majority of participants as illustrated on the figure below. Promotional actives were noted to be rare as the respondents affirmed. However, it was realized during the research that different packaging were done on the product tailored at different market needs and taste. These included packaging products in light red with a 10% liking from the customers, Dark red that had a 30% share, blue with a 20% share, Brown with 10% share, and Green with a 30% share. Based on these distributions of product innovations, the colors with a high percentage share could be enhanced and their prices tailored to attract more customers. Conclusion The research successfully established Yorkshire Tea’s competitors based on the 4 P’s of product, price, promotion, and place. Tea drinking was realized to take only 27% of the drinks consumed in the market and the need to expand on this market was clear from the research results. The product was established to take a 20% share of the market behind its key competitors who were 28% ahead of the beverage. Other close competitors were closely behind Yorkshire tea with a paltry 18% and 16% respectively calling upon producers to adopt aggressive marketing methods to attract more customers to create a strong customer base and brand loyalty, like the coca coal company. It was realized that despite the beverage being tailored to meet key target customers, a lot of innovation was needed in the side of product promotion, pricing, product innovations, and place to attract more customers. That could give the company an upper hand in the competitive market. Following the research it was recommended that future research incorporate Porter’s five industry forces along with the 4 P’s approach, and value chain analysis and their effects on the strength of the product in the market and sustainability and strategies to gain a bigger market share. It was recommended further that Yorkshire Tea producers incorporate key competing elements characterizing their competitors, identify, and evaluate their weaknesses and build on their strengths to thrive on success in the market.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List McNamara, C. General Guidelines For Conducting Interviews. Basic Business  Research Methods. n.d. Web. McCarthy, J.E. Marketing Mix 4p’s Model. Value Based Management.net, 2010. Web. Novak .J. Marketing Mix. Marketing Mix. Marketing Teacher.com, Chichester, United Kingdom 2010. Web. The Marketing Mix. The 4p’s of Marketing. Marketing. NetMBA.com. Business Knowledge center, 2002-2010. Web. Yorkshire Tea. British Delights Yorkshire Tea. British Delights, 63 Power Road Unit 2, West Ford, n.d. Web.

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 2

Marketing Plan - Essay Example Russell has a bachelor’s degree in marketing and has worked previously in the retail clothing sector, while Newman has also operated an adventure enterprise that used to arrange group trips to different locations across the US. However, both of them sold their respective companies to start Athletics Supreme. The owners’ previous experiences have made them confident that they can market a line of sportswear and related sports accessories that appeal to outdoor enthusiasts. This marketing plan hopes to create a long-term growth model that will build on the current success enjoyed by Athletics Supreme’s athletics equipment. The company has been successful in selling athletics equipment and we hope to transition smoothly into sportswear. Athletics Supreme intends to provide its current and potential customers with quality sportswear products that they require to accomplish their physical goals and maximize their athletics performance. The company will also provide its customers with staff who are knowledgeable about athletics and sportswear. The core products that the business will carry include apparel, shoes, and athletic equipment, as well as other complementary equipment like training literature and health supplements. Conducting market research normally involves gathering primary and secondary data, in which primary information is collected directly from consumers and potential consumers, while secondary information involves the gathering of data, statistics, studies, and reports from external sources (Burns et al, 2014). Athletics Supreme will conduct primary market research using in-store comment cards, whereas secondary research will be conducted via the local chamber of commerce. In-store comment cards should enable the company to collect information directly from the consumer on such issues as their satisfaction with the business offering, how to improve service and offerings that they may want to see in the future.

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing - Assignment Example Threats are competitions who are strongly positioned while opportunity is the growing interest of coffee drinkers for a sophisticated taste of coffee. As a formulation of an international marketing strategy, recommendation is for entry of Costa Coffee using a differentiated business approach. The purpose of this report is to analyze the critical factors required in entering a foreign market. The chosen country is Azerbaijan which is located in Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range. (CIA 2012). Costa Coffee needs to decide on the four types of entries to this market, namely: exporting, licensing, joint venture, and direct investment (Washington Secretary of State. Corporations Division). Costa Coffee has also need to plan the appropriate strategy in its entry. The market strategies established are the technological innovation, (the superiority of the product); product adaptation (modifications in the existing product); Availability (low price strategy); or total adaptation (conformity strategy). Azerbajan has a total population of 9,643,000 as of 2011 (CIA). It is composed of 3,436,459 females and 3,307,88l males in the bracket of ages 15-64 and a male population of 227,172 and 367,675 bracket of 65 years and above. Population is composed of Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%, other 3.9% (1999 census). Population growth rate is 1.017% with a rank of 114 in world comparison. Baku, its capital holds 1.9 million people. 2. Economy. Its high economic growth is attributable to a large and growing oil exports, construction, banking, and real estate. Obstacles to its progress is said to be the public and private sector corruption and infrastructure inefficiencies. The country also needs a stepped up foreign investment in the non-energy sector. It imports

Salman Rushdies The Jaguar Smile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Salman Rushdies The Jaguar Smile - Essay Example The historical narrative also highlighted several political behaviors. The most important of this is that its political culture is constantly being remade and is largely induced or influenced by external forces. This was demonstrated in the way the United has directed the Nicaraguan politics through the Somozas and how it caused the economic collapse of the country by imposing a trade embargo afterwards as a way to pressure and impact policy. This kind of intervention has already happened previously. Neighboring countries such as Mexico and even Britain have intervened in differing periods in the past. This has led to a kind of political culture in the country today that is characterized by an inherent desire to repel foreign enemies. The political success of the Sandinistas is the most glaring example of this phenomenon. Two-thirds of the electorate voted the Sandinistas to power in 1984, demonstrating the public displeasure for the US-armed Somoza, putting an end to years of Americ an intervention (Kenworthy 66). This behavior is also depicted in the strong desire to prevail or, at least, survive in the chaotic Central American politics. By Rushdie’s accounts and criticisms of the different Nicaraguan regimes, it became clear that the leader who held power tend to become autocratic and totalitarian. Even the Sandinistas themselves who wanted to be free from the previous repressive government eventually started muzzling the press. Censorship became such an important issue that Rushdie, himself, could not turn a blind eye although he still refused to call it despotic or comparable to the previous dictatorial government. This variable appears to highlight the distinctive... In order to understand the themes of the essays in the Jaguar Smile, it is important to reflect on the background of the Nicaraguan history during the Sandinistas' rise to power. The Jaguar Smile was published in 1987 after Salman Rushdie was invited by the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. It chronicled a period of the country's political history at the height of the Sandinista political movement. The narrative is the result of Rushdie's three-week long sojourn in Nicaragua. It provided enough materials for the author to document the Sandinistas' path to power. Essentially, the book used this subject as the landscape for his themes. In the process, he was able to provide a valuable account on a period in Central American history that has been characterized by a nation-building that typifies most of the Latin American experiences in addition to the American neo-colonialism. Fundamentally, it is a story of the underdog, rising to defeat stronger foes: the Anastazio Somoza Debayle dictatorship and, later, the US, through the Honduran Contra forces. In addition, the discourse of resistance in The Jaguar Smile has revealed several important insights about the political behavior of the players in the narrative. The implication of this point is that The Jaguar Smile is influential as a political text. It formed part of the long list of work concerning colonialism and nationalism. It revealed to the world how neocolonialism could stunt nation-building and breed a political culture that can eventually work against the hegemon.

Moral Complexity in Kieslowskis the Decalogue (1989)

Moral Complexity in Kieslowskis the Decalogue (1989) Although the moral stories that constitute Polish director Krzyszto KieÅ›lowskis The Decalogue (1989) were inspired by the Ten Commandments (as per the films umbrella title), the way they relate to Gods Law as revealed to Moses is by no means straightforward or clear-cut; nor is the rich symbolism which Kieslowski weaves throughout the films. As this paper shall demonstrate, the ideas and themes in The Decalogue are complex and often ambiguous, especially with respect to two primary and recurring symbols: the huge apartment complex where the various characters reside and occasionally cross paths and an unnamed, mysterious male figure who hovers on the periphery of the action, silent and observing. KieÅ›lowski uses these two symbols to illustrate and develop the metaphysic that lies at the heart of the film. The films [that constitute The Decalogue] should be influenced by the individual commandments to the same degree that the commandments influence our daily lives†, KieÅ›lowski notes in the introduction to the published script of The Decalogue (quoted in Cunneen, 1997). Joseph Cunneen suggests that this influence is subtle and indirect. It is significant that the films do not have separate titles that contain text of the commandments; as a result, the viewer is â€Å"often unsure of the relationship between a film and a particular commandment; to the director, if the numbers of some episodes were reversed for example 6 and 9 it would make no difference† (Cunneen, 1997). KieÅ›lowski thus encourages intellectual guesswork on the part of his audience. â€Å"I merely announce, for example, Decalogue 1. The spectator looks at the film and . . . begins to think about the commandment(s)†. (KieÅ›lowski, as quoted in Cunneen, 1997). For example, in Decalogue VI th ere seem to be no reference to any one particular commandment, though it does contain references to stealing (the peeping-tom protagonist steals a telescope to spy on a female neighbor) and killing (the same character slashes his wrists near the end of the film). This â€Å"thoroughly un-didactic† approach enables KieÅ›lowski and his co-screenwriter, Krzysztof Piesiewicz, to develop their themes with subtlety and restraint (Porton, 50). In The Decalogue, as in life, nothing is cut and dried. â€Å"Each episode can be likened to a moral parable that suggests . . . how we can live ethically in a world where the false comfort of either a belief in God or dialectical materialism is unavailable†, states Porton (Porton, 48). Jonathan Rosenbaum would seem to agree that the films power is suggestive rather than didactic: â€Å"The finely sculpted scripts of these films become suggestions of how we might think about these people, not directives about how we should judge them† (Rosenbaum, 159). He goes on to say that the decision to produce a series of films that correspond to the Ten Commandments in name and number is essentially â€Å"a packaging idea, successfully designed to give KieÅ›lowski an international reputation and made in part for export† (Rosenbaum, 155). By the directors own admission, he and Piesiewicz avoided any overt political references to the Poland of the mid-1980s in order that the films could be marketed in other countries (Stok, 145). Yet none of this detracts from The Decalogues intellectual, moral and aesthetic stature. KieÅ›lowski is a serious artist whose ultimate concern is integrity that of his characters and also of himself, as a filmmaker. He does not teach morality (in the sense of â€Å"thou shalt not†) but rather contemplates and probes lifes so-called â€Å"grey areas†. According to him, â€Å"integrity is an extremely complicated combination and we can never ultimately say ‘I was honest or ‘I wasnt honest. In all our actions . . . we find ourselves in a position from which theres really no way out and even if there is, its not a better way out [but only] the lesser evil. This [choosing which way out to take], of course, defines integrity† (Stok, 146 149). The notion, then, that a set of ten rules is all we need is simplistic to the point of absurdity. The decisions we all must make in our lives are often difficult and painful; they are also dependent on a host of different factors which have to be weighed and taken into account. Where morality is concerned, perspectives have to be altered and sometimes replaced with new ones. Mario Sesti suggests that the complexity of the ideas at play in The Decalogue is symbolized, in part, by the high-rise apartment complex which is the central setting for all the episodes. â€Å"Throughout the work a system of hints, correspondences and allusions imperceptibly laces together the tangled plights of the characters who live in the [same] apartment block. Everyone either knows or ignores one another, but everyone is aware (however reluctantly) that they belong to the same narrative† (Sesti, 183). Portman remarks that KieÅ›lowskis signature theme in virtually all his films (not just The Decalogue) is â€Å"the ineffability of human experience through chance encounters or near-encounters of protagonists whose paths would never ordinarily intersect† (Portman, 2001). Locating most of the action in and around the huge apartment building where the various characters live, and where their paths occasionally cross, allows KieÅ›lowski to stage such chance encounters and near-encounters while â€Å"(weaving the) single episodes into an overall tapestry† (Sesti, 183). The director notes that the idea of choosing characters at random and observing how they act and interrelate is well-served by the apartment building setting: â€Å"We had the idea that the camera should pick somebody out, . . . then follow him or her throughout the rest of the film†, he says, adding that since the apartment building has â€Å"thousands of similar windows framed in the establishing shot†, it was an ideal setting for his purposes (Stock, 146). Cunneen explains that the apartment building helps â€Å"unify the series† since we see the same few buildings again and again (that is, from episode to episode), adding that â€Å"in such a context it becomes natural for a character we see on the stairs in one episode to become a major figure in a later one† (Cunneen, 2001). By extension, it would not be an exaggeration to say that the apartment building symbolizes the unity and interrelatedness of experience. Despite the interrelatedness, Michael Wilmington argues that all the characters in the series think of themselves as essentially â€Å"isolated† (Wilmington, 2001). Occasionally, to some minor degree, the setting shifts away from the Warsaw suburb and into the city, and even the countryside, yet the director has a nostalgic idea of a return the monotonous high-rise blocks (Wilmington, 2001). The symbolism of the notion to portray such areas of Warsaw is that only in those tall grey buildings can the audience get familiar with many different emotions of the inhabitants: love, hate, friendliness, politeness, curiosity and more. There is constant interaction between the neighbors, making KieÅ›lowskis series very realistic and simple to understand for his viewers. The apartment building is, in effect, an objective correlative to this very malaise. The â€Å"deliberately gray or brackish colors† of the building â€Å"capture an edifice that signifies both the State and the monotony of life in ‘Peoples Poland† (Porton, 2001). In a similar vein, Agnieszka Tennant makes reference to the â€Å"mass-produced, colorless buildings†, â€Å"cheerless wintry outdoors†, â€Å"cold flats† and â€Å"impersonal stairwells, elevators and offices† that constitute the films mise-en-scà ¨ne (Tenant, 2001). Another function of the apartment-building setting is that it allows for an open narrative structure a structure which â€Å"invites the viewer to interpret the actions of [the] protagonists, to follow their struggles with destiny in an abundance of chance encounters† (Haltof, 79), while serving as a convenient symbol for voyeurism and shifting perspectives (that is to say, the viewers as well as the directors gaze). Cunneen is correct to stress that KieÅ›lowskis camera is â€Å"fond of windows, mirrors, or any objects that offer possibilities of reflections† (Cunneen, 2001). This tendency opens new perspectives on the protagonists of the film series. They are viewed from behind the glass, lens or mirror which highlights that their actions could not be what they seem and have more dimensions to them. In KieÅ›lowskis films, glass serves to self-consciously foreground the act of looking†, according to Annette Insdorf (Cunneen, 2001, quoting Insdorf in the latters Double Lives, p. 91). In Decalogue V, Piotr, the lawyer of Jacek the killer, is â€Å"framed in a mirror† before we actually see him. As well, â€Å"the driver [victim] is presented as glass reflects the apartment complex† and â€Å"Jacek is introduced in the street, reflected in a mirror as well† (Insdorf quoted in Cunneen, 2001). Sesti refers to KieÅ›lowskis themes of â€Å"uncertainty† and â€Å"bewilderment†, noting that â€Å"the most typical image in The Decalogue is a shadowy interior, a character at the window, or a gaze without rancor, happiness or hope† (Sesti, 187). A case in point is Decalogue VI, which begins with Olaf, the peeping tom character, spying on Magda, the older woman who is his neighbor, but ends in reverse, with Magda spying on him. KieÅ›low ski concedes that this â€Å"change in perspective† is essential to the episodes structure (Stok, 169). Other examples of the gaze may be found in Decalogue I when the boy Pawel watches a pigeon on his windowsill in the beginning. Later, after Pawel drowns, his aunt watches slow-motion memorial footage of him on a TV screen in a shop window. In Decalogue V the gaze is noticed during the murder of the cab driver when the killer Jacek hesitates for a brief moment when the victim â€Å"looks up at him and Jacek sees his suffering†; he responds by covering the mans head (Hogan, 2008). Curiously, KieÅ›lowski here seems to be equating the gaze with death. Another significant and symbolic link between the episodes is the presence of the mysterious, silent young man whom the audience sees only occasionally. He is absent from episodes 7 and 10. This omnipresent figure â€Å"with searingly watchful eyes and an Old Testament intensity† (Cunneen, 2001) usually shows up â€Å"just before [a] character makes a difficult ethical decision, or just before something unexpected happens† (Tennant, 2001). He can be observed in Decalogue I sitting at a campfire; in Decalogue V, as a road inspector and also as a painter in prison; in Decalogue VI, as a man in a white suit; in Decalogue VIII, as a student listening to the lecture of one of the two main characters; and in Decalogue IX, as a cyclist who watches the protagonist try to kill himself. This mysterious man can be identified with a guardian angel or the â€Å"walking consciousness†. He is present at the times of crucial decisions by the protagonists, but he never judges. On the contrary the â€Å"angel† is trying to push the troubled heroes to a better moral choice, as with Jacek in Dekalogue V he shakes his head to silently protest the murder or in Dekalogue IX saving Roman from succeeding in his suicidal attempt. The figure is still puzzling because he seems to have very little to no influence on the action and therefore cannot be considered a character in the proper sense. Tenant believes he â€Å"symbolizes Gods presence among us, Christian conscience, or at least for a secular audience fate† (Tenant, 2001), while Haltof sees him as an â€Å"Angel of Fate† who â€Å"adds an almost metaphysical dimension† to the films (Haltof, 81). As Sesti explains, although the figure â€Å"never interferes with the action, [he is] perfectly aware of it to the point of foreseeing its conclusion†. He never utters a word but rather â€Å"looks directly into the camera, and his disquieting silence seems to comment on the story†. Sesti agrees that this â€Å"kind of chorus figure† acts as a unifying link for the episodes but points out that â€Å"we do not identify with him, for his presence suggests the inflexibility of fate and the vulnerability of every individua l. . . . [His gaze is] the gaze of some divine figure, distressed by his uselessness and by the impossibility of redeeming the world† (Sesti, 184). The ambiguity and symbolic richness of the â€Å"angel† figure and of the apartment complex testifies to KieÅ›lowskis mastery as a filmmaker. The Decalogue does not lend itself to a reductionist reading; quite the opposite. A â€Å"vast fresco of private emotions and subtle interactions† (Wilmington, 2000) on the one hand, it is also a work that is rich in themes and ideas. As Wilmington observes, these themes are in fact common to all of KieÅ›lowskis films: â€Å"Choice is fate. Pain underlies beauty. Isolation is an illusion. Disparate are we. Sin is inescapable. Soul is flesh. Film is life. The Decalogue, [KieÅ›lowskis] prime act of cinematic voyeurism, draws those threads together† (Wilmington, 2000). By turning to such methods as a common setting of high-rises in Warsaw and a small trace of a mystic messenger from God, KieÅ›lowski is able to unite and add coherence to ten short films from his Dekalogue series. The films are complex and deep. They require thorough analysis and knowledge of the Biblical context. The author is making it easier to understand for his audience by bringing in common threads to each episode and opening the conclusions for different interpretations and room for opinions. References Cunneen, Joseph. â€Å"‘Being Alive is a Gift: Krzysztof KieÅ›lowskis ‘The Decalogue†Ã‚  Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality. 1:1. 2001. pp. 79-85. John Hopkins University Press. (Note: Cunneen quotes KieÅ›lowski in the introduction to the  published script of The Decalogue, for which, see bibliographic entry.) Cunneen, Joseph. â€Å"Kieslowski on the mountaintop†. Commonweal. 124:14, Aug. 15,  1997. New York, N.Y., 1997. pp. 11-14 Haltof, Marek. The Cinema of Krzysztof KieÅ›lowski: Variations on Destiny and Chance.  Wallflower Press: London. 2004. pp. 75-107. Hogan, Patrick Colm. â€Å"Tragic Lives: On the Incompatibility of Law and Ethics. College  Literature. West Chester: 35:3, Summer 2008. 30 pp. KieÅ›lowski, Krzysztof. â€Å"Introduction†, in KieÅ›lowski, K. and Piesiewica, P., Decalogue The Ten Commandments [translated by Phil Cavendish and Suzanna Bluh].  London: Faber and Faber, 1991. Kieslowski, Krzystof and Krzysztof Piesiewicz. The Decalogue. VHS. Distributor:  Band à   Part. 10 episodes on 5 cassettes. Directed by K. Kieslowski. 1987. Porton, Richard. â€Å"The Decalogue†. Cineaste. New York: Summer 2001. 26:3; pp. 48-50. Rosenbaum, Jonathan. Essential Cinema: On the Necessity of Film Canons. John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2004. pp. 152-159. Sesti, Mario. â€Å"DEKALOG 1 10†. In The Hidden God: Film and Faith. Mary Lea Brandy and Antonio Monda, eds. The Museum of Modern Art: New York, N.Y.  2003. pp. 183-187. Stok, Danusia, ed. KieÅ›lowski on KieÅ›lowski. Faber and Faber Limited: London, 1993. Tennant, Agnieszka. â€Å"The Ten Commandments become flesh†. Christianity Today.  Carol Stream: 45:2, Feb 5, 2001. pp. 75-76 Michael Wilmington. â€Å"Long decades journey into light†. Film Comment. New York,  N.Y.: 36:2, March/April 2000. pp. 9-10

Alternative Approaches to Meeting Peugeot Objectives Essays -- Papers

Alternative Approaches to Meeting Peugeot Objectives Are Peugeot using the best methods for the line of work they are involved in? Is there a way of improving their efficiency, quality and productivity? We should be able to tell if there is by looking at the theory known as benchmarking. Benchmarking can be defined as imitating the standards of an established leader in quality and attempting to be better them. Benchmarking is a technique used by some businesses to help them discover the 'best' methods of production available and then adopt them. Benchmarking involves: - Ã ¼ Finding out what makes the difference, in the customer's eyes, between an ordinary supplier and an excellent supplier. Ã ¼ Setting standards for business operations based on the best practice that can be found. Ã ¼ Finding out how these best companies meeting those standards. Ã ¼ Applying both competitors' standards and, if possible, exceed them. What should be benchmarked? I Who should the company benchmark against? I How is the information obtained? I How should the information be analysed? I How should the information be used? These are the five main steps in Benchmarking. The first step is to identify exactly what the company intends to benchmark. Benchmarks that are important for customer satisfaction might include consistency of product, correct invoices, shorter delivery times, shorter lead times and improved after sales service. Peugeot could decide to benchmark better sales figures. What better company to benchmark against than 'Ford', the leading company in market penetration. If Peugeot were to i... ...ompanies meet those standards. Then Peugeot could apply both standards and their own to meet the new standard and possibly exceed that excellent customer service standard. Due to Peugeot previous innovations, they were very successful in winning awards for the company, such as the 'car of the year' award; the 206 won the 'best used car' award. Also Peugeot were able to produce a world record, producing half a million 206s in three years. As we can see from Peugeot's previous success they are very innovative and progressive in the car industry. Using every new technological advantage possible to create that competitive advantage over their rivals. And with policies like "eight airbags as standard" Peugeot are a tough act to follow. Especially with such high regards to recycling and safety to the environment.

Principle of Marketing

Principles of Marketing Promotion: Overview and Personal Selling Promotion Mix Personal Selling Advertising Publicity Sales Promotion Elements in the Communication Process (Fig. 14. 2) Promotion Strategy Strategic Objectives Appropriate Tasks Budget Implementation Evaluation and Control Strategic Issues Integration Relationships Goals: Information, Persuasion, Reminder Consumer Considerations: AIETA Model Target Integrated Marketing Communications (Fig. 14. 1) Advertising Personal selling Sales promotion Public relations Direct marketing A View of the Communications Process Marketers View Communications as the Management of the Customer Relationship Over Time Through the Following Stages: Preselling Preselling Selling Selling PostPostConsumption Consumption Consuming Consuming AIETA The Adoption Process Product Life Cycle AIETA and the Promotion Mix: The right tool for the job. Awareness Advertising -teaser campaigns -pioneering ads -jingles/slogans -outdoor -internet banners Publicity -newsworthy â€Å"stunts† -news announcements -trade announcements Interest Advertising -information ads -image ads Evaluation Advertising -persuasion ads -image ads -testimonials -comparative ads Trial Advertising -retailer co-op ads -POP materials -sales promotion ads Adoption Advertising -reminder ads Publicity -news coverage -human interest stories Publicity -consumer welfare reports Personal Selling -mentions -samples -brochures, etc. Personal Selling -benefits (prepared or formula approaches) Personal Selling -consultative selling Personal Selling -closed deal Personal Selling -consultative selling Sales Promotion -demonstrations -displays -tie-ins Sales Promotion -trade discounts -trade allowances Sales Promotion -samples -coupons -rebates -price packs -premiums Sales Promotion -patronage rewards -contests Promotion Targets—Push/Pull Promotion Mix Strategies Strategy that Calls for Spending A Lot on Advertising and Consumer Promotion to Build Up (Pull) Consumer Demand. Strategy Selected Depends on: Type of ProductMarket & Product Life-Cycle Stage Strategy that Calls for Using the Salesforce and Trade Promotion to Push the Product Through the Channels. Setting the Total Promotion Budget One of the Hardest Marketing Decisions Facing a Company is How Much to Spend on Promotion. Affordable Percentage of Sales Percentage of Sales Based on What the Company Can Afford Based on a Certain Percentage Based on a Certain Percentage of Current or Forecasted Sales of Current or Forecasted Sales Based on the Competitor’s Based on the Competitor’s Promotion Budget Promotion Budget Objective-and-Task Objective-and-Task Based on Determining Based on Determining Objectives & Tasks, Then Objectives & Tasks, Then Estimating Costs Estimating Costs Competitive-Parity Competitive-Parity Objective and Task Method Example of Objective and Task Budgeting Sales Management and Personal Selling Strategic objectives: Awareness—mentions, samples, etc. Interest—benefit information, missionary Evaluation—consultative selling Trial—consultative selling (closing) Adoption—consultative selling The Role of the Sales Force Personal selling is effective because salespeople can: probe adjust negotiate build Major Steps in Sales Force Management (Fig. 16. 1) Designing Salesforce Strategy and Structure Designing Salesforce Strategy and Structure Recruiting and Selecting Salespeople Recruiting and Selecting Salespeople Training Salespeople Training Salespeople Compensating Salespeople Compensating Salespeople Supervising Salespeople Supervising Salespeople Evaluating Salespeople Evaluating Salespeople Some Traits of Good Salespeople Selecting Salespeople Sales Aptitude Sales Aptitude Other Characteristics Other Characteristics Selection Process Usually Evaluates a Person’s Personality Traits Personality Traits Analytical and Analytical and Organizational Skills Organizational Skills Sales Force Organization In-house Flexible Directed Low variable costs Resource drain High fixed costs Agents (â€Å"Mfr. Reps†) Simple Low fixed costs Less control High variable costs Designing Sales Force Strategy and Structure Sales Force Size productive and expensive assets shrinking in size workload approach Sales force size Increases with Decreases with Training Salespeople The Average Sales Training Program lasts for Four Months and Has the Following Goals: Help Salespeople Know & Identify With the Company Learn About the Products Learn About Competitors’ and Customers’ Characteristics Learn How to Make Effective Presentations Understand Field Procedures and Responsibilities Compensating Salespeople To Attract Salespeople, a Company Must Have an To Attract Salespeople, a Company Must Have an Attractive Plan Made Up of Several Elements Attractive Plan Made Up of Several Elements Fixed Fixed Amount Amount Usually a Usually a Salary Salary Variable Variable Amount Amount Usually Usually Commissions Commissions Or Bonuses Or Bonuses Expense Expense Allowance Allowance For Job For Job Related Related Expenses Expenses Supervising Salespeople Directing Salespeople Directing Salespeople †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Identify Customer Targets & Identify Customer Targets & Call Norms Call Norms †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Develop Prospect Target Develop Prospect Target †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Use Sales Time Efficiently Use Sales Time Efficiently Annual Call Plan Annual Call Plan Time-and-Duty Analysis Time-and-Duty Analysis Sales Force Automation Sales Force Automation Motivating Salespeople Motivating Salespeople Organizational Climate †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Organizational Climate Sales Quotas †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Sales Quotas Positive Incentives †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Positive Incentives Sales Meetings Sales Meetings Sales Contests Sales Contests Honors and Trips Honors and Trips Merchandise/ Cash Merchandise/ Cash How Salespeople Spend Their Time (Fig. 16. 2) Service Calls 12. 7% Administrative Tasks 16% Telephone Selling 25. 1% Face-to-Face Selling 28. 8% Waiting/ Traveling 17. 4% Companies Look For Ways to Increase the Amount of Time Salespeople Spend Selling. Evaluation Match the measures with the objectives Profit Sales Satisfaction New products New accounts Costs Steps in the Selling Process Prospecting Prospecting Qualifying Qualifying Preapproach Preapproach Approach Approach Salesperson Identifies Qualified Potential Salesperson Identifies Qualified Potential Customers. Customers. Process of Identifying Good Prospects Process of Identifying Good Prospects and Screening Out Poor Ones. and Screening Out Poor Ones. Salesperson Learns as Much as Possible Salesperson Learns as Much as Possible About a Prospective Customer Before About a Prospective Customer Before Making a Sales Call. Making a Sales Call. Salesperson Meets the Buyer and Gets Salesperson Meets the Buyer and Gets the Relationship Off to a Good Start. the Relationship Off to a Good Start. Steps in the Selling Process Presentation Presentation Handling Handling Objections Objections Closing Closing Follow-Up Follow-Up Salesperson Tells the Product â€Å"Story† to Salesperson Tells the Product â€Å"Story† to the Buyer Using the Need-Satisfaction the Buyer Using the Need-Satisfaction Approach. Approach. Salesperson Seeks Out, Clarifies, and Salesperson Seeks Out, Clarifies, and Overcomes Customer Objections to Overcomes Customer Objections to Buying. Buying. Salesperson Asks the Customer for an Salesperson Asks the Customer for an Order. Order. Occurs After the Sale and Ensures Occurs After the Sale and Ensures Customer Satisfaction and Repeat Customer Satisfaction and Repeat Business. Business. SPIN Selling â€Å"Professional selling† Preliminaries are not important Questions/Answers SPIN Situation Problems Implications Needs-Payoffs SPIN selling â€Å"Easiflo† S: B: S: B: S: Do you use Contortomat machines? Yes, three of them. And, are they difficult for your operators to use? Yes, rather hard, but they eventually learn. We could solve that operating difficulty with our new Easiflo system. B: What does your system cost? S: The basic system is about $120,000, and†¦ B: $120,000!!! Just to make a machine easier to use? You must be kidding! Example: Selling â€Å"Easiflo† S: Do you use Contortomat machines? (Situation) B: Yes, three of them. S: And, are they difficult for your operators to use? (Problem) B: Yes, rather hard, but they eventually learn. (Implied need) S: We could solve that operating difficulty with our new Easiflo system. (Solution) B: What does your system cost? S: The basic system is about $120,000, and†¦ B: $120,000!!! Just to make a machine easier to use? You must be kidding! SPIN selling â€Å"Easiflo† S: And, are they difficult for your operators to use? B: Yes, rather hard, but they eventually learn. S: You say they’re hard to use. What effect does this have on your output? (Implication) B: Not much. We’ve specially trained three people. S: If you’ve only got three people who can use the Contortomats, doesn’t that create bottlenecks? (Implication) B: No, really, it’s only when an operator leaves that we have trouble. While we’re waiting for a replacement to be trained. S: It sounds like the difficulty of using the Contortomat machines may be causing a turnover problem with operators. Is that right? (Implication) B: Yes, people don’t like using them, so operators usually don’t stay with us long. S: What does this turnover mean in terms of training costs? (Implication) Well, it takes a couple months to get proficient— that’s maybe $4000 in wages. Plus we pay Contortomat $500 for training. And, $1000 for travel, since that training is off-site. Hey, that’s about $5000 per—and we’ve trained at least five this year. S: So, that’s $25,000 in training costs in less than 6 months. If you’ve trained that many people in so little time, the turnover must result in production losses, doesn’t it? (Implication) B: Not really. As I said, we avoid bottlenecks by getting the other operators to work overtime. Or, we send the work out. S: Doesn’t the overtime add even more to your costs? (Implication) B: Yes, that’s true. And, even at double pay, the operators don’t like working it. That probably contributes to the turnover. S: I can see how sending the work outside must increase your costs, but are there other implications? Does the quality stay the same? (Implication) B: That’s actually the biggest problem. I can control the quality in house, but not the contract stuff. S: I suppose that sending work out puts you at the mercy of the contractor’s schedule? (Implication) B: You don’t want to know! I just got off the phone— three hours, chasing down a late delivery. S: So, from what you’ve said, because the Contortomats are difficult to use, you’ve spent $25,000 in training costs this year and you’re getting expensive operator turnover. You’ve got bottlenecks in production, and they result in expensive overtime and force you to send jobs outside. But sending jobs outside reduces quality and creates scheduling problems. B: When you look at it that way, those Contoromat machines are creating a very serious problem indeed. Wrong approach Contortomats are hard to use. $120,000 is far too much money to solve that problem SPIN approach Contortomats cause: Difficulty in use $25,000 training Turnover Overtime costs Cost of outside work Loss of quality Scheduling problems $120,000 may be a bargain Build implications. â€Å"Let† the customer discover value.

Motivational Theory and Generation Y

Motivational Theory and Generation Y Motivation theories explain about human nature and human needs. These theories demystify the nature of people and the forces that drive people into action. Motivational theory explains why people take the actions they take at work. These theories can be classified into organismic or mechanistic. Mechanistic theories view the human being as passive and needing prodding in order to take action.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Theory and Generation Y specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organismic theories, on the other hand, view the human being as proactive and having initiative in his actions. The intrinsic needs and physiological drives of human beings account for this proactive nature. It is necessary to note that, at the work place, motivation is the result of incentives and human needs. A human being will feel more motivated when provided incentives meet his intrinsic needs. Motives are directed towards the achievement of a certain goal. Thus, the motives influence the behavior of the human being. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is one of the theories that explains human motives as related to their needs. Maslow classifies human needs into five categories from the most pressing to the least pressing. It is also necessary to note that three of Maslow’s identified psychological needs are the most pressing needs for generation Y. These needs include basic human needs such as food, shelter and clothing. A person is not likely to start thinking of satisfying the other needs unless the psychological needs are met. Employees will desire a job that is capable of catering for and satisfying their psychological needs. Next in the hierarchy is a need for safety and security. Once his psychological needs have been satisfied, man will desire to ensure safety of the basic needs. People need to be sure of maintaining their status in the event of an unforeseen catastrophe. Members of an organization are likely to be motivated if their future is safe. If their future is in danger, persons will deem other things as unimportant. Again, people will work harder in life once they have satisfied their psychological needs in order to secure their future.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once safety and security needs have been met, social needs emerge as important. Man needs belongingness and recognition by the society. Employees will work harder to obtain outstanding results in order to gain belongingness and recognition in their organizations. In addition, organizations reward and recognize outstanding performance to motivate employees. It is worth mentioning that these three needs are the pressing needs in early adulthood. The needs of self esteem and self actualization arise much later in adulthood as Maslow explained. Douglas McGregor proposed two theories to explain the motivation in human beings. Theory X assumes that people are inherently lazy and need prodding in order to carry out a task. On the other hand, Theory Y assumes that people view work as play or rest. It is noteworthy that while some elements of generation Y require nudging in order to accomplish tasks, a number also like working independently and are self driven. Thus, the choice of which Theory to apply in motivating employees should not be made on a generalized approach but rather on an individual basis. Under Theory Y, McGregor proposed that employees should be given challenging tasks and involved in participative decision making. It is noteworthy that these are the same qualities that persons in early adulthood, commonly referred to as generation Y are seeking in their jobs. Consequently, to motivate the Generation Y, managers should be considering approaches that cater to their needs for recognition through active leadership opportunities, cash incentives and job en richment. In summary, approaches that best suit the needs of generation Y should be adopted. Leadership should cultivate trust and participatory leadership in the team. This will increase productivity in the team. The expectancy theory should be applied to ensure that reward systems award young adults with items they need. However, caution needs to be exercised to ensure that the extrinsic rewards given do not overshadow the need for the intrinsic drive to do work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Theory and Generation Y specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Screenwriting Process Essay Essays

Screenwriting Process Essay Essays Screenwriting Process Essay Essay Screenwriting Process Essay Essay Art is a fun hobby or career that many have decided to enter. Many have chosen the art of screenplay writing, known as screenwriting, to make a living on. This is a relatively understood process that most writers feel as if they have the upper hand on, but most still need help in writing one themselves. Screenwriting can be tricky, strict, demanding and above all creative; however it still has many positives about it. The benefits of the difficult, creative venture of writing a screenplay become obvious through the enjoyment of the process, personal fulfillment and the financial rewards. At the beginning of writing this project, you must choose which style you would like to write. The main two styles are free-hand or with computer software. The software is the best choice, since the screenplay will have to be eventually converted to a computer at some point. Once you have found and installed screenwriting software, such as Final Draft, you then will open the program and create a new file. This file will be your story. Title it whatever you desire. Then you will get starting writing. The writing ideas that are thought up are very important. It is the whole premise for the story. First you must first think up the plot, which is namely the thesis of the story. All of the writing is connected around it. Many people have a tough time with this, but there are many areas where you can get help. You can go to the bookstore or a library and find a book that helps you creatively, by showing you ways of brainstorming up ideas about your story. This way is a good way, but not as efficient as flat out raw creativity. Next step is coming up with the characters. They are the people that act out in events in the story. Without characters in a story, the story would not work at all, it would only bore the audience so much that you would become unpopular fast. They must also progress throughout the story. To come up with characters, you can just pick out random names and put them together making names. You can just creatively come up with them. Also, you can feed off your plot and feel out what good characters names would mesh well with the plot. Deciding the setting is the next step in writing a screenplay. The main setting gives us a good locational vibe about the story, but the story can normally turn into many different settings. This can only enhance the screenplay, making it more entertaining. Your decision in the setting has to be a smart one that makes believable sense, because otherwise the story would give off an uncanny feeling that no one would understand. This would only hurt you and your story. The more realistic, the better it is. The next step is the most creative part of the process. It is the writing itself. This is where you must brainstorm ideas that are relative to your plot, characters and setting. You must write them all coming together to start off in a good light and you have to come up with ideas that help the story’s progression. Once you have established that, you have a good part of the art of writing complete After all of those steps are completed, you next start the big event of editing. You now go through the whole story and find any errors, erroneous details, punctuation or grammar mistakes and many other possible flaws in your story. Editing takes a long time and can sometimes even take longer than the writing itself. It is very important however, because being human we make mistakes.

Statement of purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Of purpose - Personal Statement Example I want them to feel the bliss too during Christmas time. For the last five years, I have opened my home to single sailors who need a place to spend their holidays. I worked for abused and neglected children’s shelter at Roy Maas Youth Alternatives of San Antonio, Texas. That service center served children aging five to eighteen. Working with abused children changed my life because I saw evidences of cruelties inflicted to innocent children. I spent most of my times here, even holidays while earning my degree. I learned to become a child-right advocate especially for those who are victims of sexual-assault. For about a year now, this advocacy is translated under my command to help active military members and their families who unfortunately underwent traumatizing experiences of being sexually abused. Since I work full time--about 40-50 hours a week, while attending my intermediate studies, this somehow affected my GPA pegged at a rate below the required average of 3.0. This didn’t discourage me at all. I am determine to pursue my studies even if am burdened with debts. The circumstance encouraged me to join the navy. Inspired by its core values on honor, courage and commitment, I believe I could potentially become a person I wanted to be. The institution also offers scholarship and support for my college days. I completed three back-to-back deployments in Iraq while endeavoring to pursue my degree. I have to admit that my grades suffered tremendously when I was undergoing my undergraduate course at UTSA. This was way back before I joined the navy. I professed that I regain focus and was able to improve my GPA, but it still fell short of the required average of 3.0 due to my transfer credits. But I have faith that if given the chance to go to school this round, I will endeavor to become a better student devoted to my studies. I believed that I am more stable and mature to hurdle all

American women's rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American women's rights - Essay Example "The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man towards woman". The middle class elites felt ashamed of themselves of the social conditions of the poor and thus taken the social duty strongly from their long traditions for the progressives to be made in the sense of the poor. The impulse spread from farmers to politicians to put the effort to reform. Therefore Roosevelt became the first president to support the labor and assigned the government a direct role and duty to all the people. The new women’s colleges were opened and there the female reformers were educated. These females who were white middle class young women handled the â€Å"problem â€Å" of Immigrant, who constituted â€Å"dark skinned† Italians, peasant Jews and immigrants from southeastern Europe. The middle class women were barred to possess the professional educational qualifications pursue Consumer’s League, and â€Å"Americanizing† centers known as settlement houses. These organizations targeted to wipe off the corruption and vice bred by the men their career. So, the women formed into groups and had built themselves as associations to take active part in the public life. Some of the associations are Women’s Trade Union League, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, and the National. Referred as â€Å"women of achievement†.The women succeeded in their campaign to get the right to vote. But their battle of suffrage lasted for as long as from 1848 to 1920, in the year 1920 nineteenth amendment granted 26 million women, half of the nations population, the right to vote. ... The Civil Rights Law of the 1960s was stepping stone for those who fought for America's promise of equal rights for all. "The making of the English working class and the rise of respectful society". "The Virginia Declaration of Rights was a document proclaiming that individual natural rights are inherent, and calling for American independence from Britain"5. The movement of women, for suffrage began at Seneca Falls. The American Society challenged severely the efforts of women that they cannot cross the threshold of men. But as the situation prolonged, the women got educated, and their movement turned out to be a respectable one. By 1910, the movement developed into a mass movement. In England too it was the same condition, the women were aggressive to sweep out their miseries and were carrying their movement for fundamental rights. In both the nations, by 1919, the Amendment Act was passed for women granting their right to vote. "Black history has been overshadowed by white interpretation for a very long time, even in locations where the majority population was black. Visit a Southern plantation and you will learn about the lifestyle of the owners, but very little about the slaves who made that lifestyle possible"6 Detroit, the city was known as the "arsenal of Democracy" during the Second World War. The city of Detroit required a large number of labors who came from Africa. They were not given accommodation and like this the riots erupted which turned to be the bloodiest in the history of he nation. This racial conflict has begun very long past in 1863 and lasted till 1941. The racial riots have a long history in Detroit.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Marketing - Essay Example This is achieved through transforming the physical features and insubstantial insights of a marketing offering in relation to the rivalry. It is vital to note that position is not determined by the appearance of the product or the sustenance that it pursues to stimulate. However, it is instead the insight or appearance that takes a distinct location in the mindset of the consumer; furthermore, positioning is a communication, comprising the establishment of a market mix, which creates the natural flow of information from market segmentation through target marketing. It is a form of developing a competitive position for an international brand and consequently improving its desirability. Positioning is mainly concerned with what an organization does to the prospective consumer and how the consumer perceives the organization. Effective positioning is a vital element in international brand strategy because a position arouses an image of the product concerned in the minds of the client (Sc hultz 2007, p. 23). It projects the idea that differentiates the brand from the competition and projects it as a product that can meet the needs and desires of international customer, whereby, an effective positioning offers a competitive edge to a brand that is trying to display its desirability to the target market. Effective positioning is a vital element in international brand strategy because it promises the benefit the clients will get and develops the expectation that it has the solution to the problem of the consumer. The solution is always different from and better than the solution provided by the competitors. Positioning is thus, an incorporating notion. It acts as an umbrella that incorporates all things in international branding. When effectively targeted, single-minded, positioning affects everything that a brand does or stands for; it is not reinforced by advertising only, but by the wholeness of its promotional efforts (Smith, Gopalakrishna and Chatterjee 2006, 560). However, in case the expectations that are developed by the brand strategy are not met, the effectiveness or the reliability of these benefits may weaken speedily. Therefore, with these demonstrations, it shows that positioning is a vital element in international brand strategy. An Integrated Marketing Communications Campaign for an International Brand The advancement of marketing for an international brand has moved beyond traditional marketing to include consumer driven, interactive and social marketing. Colgate Company is one of the multinational companies have realized the significant need for integrated marketing communicating (IMC) campaign in order to enable their Colgate Dental Cream brand to thrive in the global market effectively; hence achieving a competitive advantage. The increased competition in the global market have enabled Colgate Company to employ IMC approach; thus this approach is ushering in a new technology era where marketers blend communication messages acro ss the media channels in order to communicate about brand experience. The Colgate Dental Cream, which is the leading toothpaste are designed in a manner that raises awareness; thus ultimately surges their sales, leading to great returns and income for the organization. Therefore, as a part of successful IMC for Colgate Dental Cream brand, Colgate Company utilizes social media, Internet, public relation and advertising through other media such as Televisions, radios and others in a cohesive manner to share the message about the availability of this brand in the market. For an effective campaign of Colgate Dental Cream brand using IMC, various methods or elements are employed in the entire process. For instance, integrated market

Women in Psychology Essay Example for Free

Women in Psychology Essay Modern Psychology has been formed mainly by men during the 19th and 20th century, men like Wilhelm Wundt, Henri Bergson, and Sigmund Freud, major philosophers of the era include Franz Gall, Francis Galton, and William James. During these times women were not taken seriously in psychology; it took strong, pioneering women, such as Margaret Floy Washburn, Karen Horney, Mary Calkins, and Mary Cover Jones to bridge the gap in this male- dominated field of science. Mary Cover Jones looked at what others had studied, and rethought how to make the science better; she is known as the â€Å"Mother of Behavior Therapy† (Nevid Pastva, 2011, p. ), and contributions to psychology. Mary Cover Jones background Mary Cover was born in Johnstown Pennsylvania, in 1897. Always wanting knowledge she attended Vassar College, graduating in 1919. Mary took every psychology course offered with the exception of one. Mary Floy Washburn’s senior seminar in psychology do to Washburn disallowing Mary because of a middle of the road grade received in a laboratory course her sophomore year (Mary Cover Jones (1897-1987), n. d. ). After graduating from Vassar, Mary Cover began her graduate work at Columbia University and received her Master’s degree in the summer of 1920. While attending Columbia she met and married Harold Jones a fellow graduate and who the Harold E. Jones Children Study Center at Berkley University is named after. In 1923 Mary Cover Jones was appointed Associate in Psychological Research at the Institute of Education Research, Columbia University College Teachers College (Mary Cover Jones (1897-1987), n. d. ). Here is where she started her most famous study of Peter and his fear of furry animals. Peter and the rabbit In 1920, Mary Cover Jones attended a lecture given by John B. Watson on a child named â€Å"Albert† who was conditioned to be afraid of anything with fur due to scaring â€Å"Albert† with loud sounds whenever the infant reached for a white rat. While listing to the charismatic Watson, Mary wondered if Watson’s learning approach could be used to remove children fears (Nevid Pastva, 2011, p. 1). In 1924 Mary was introduced to Peter, a three-year-old that had a natural fear of furry animals. Adapting from Dr. Watson’s study Mary observed Peter at play in his crib, introduced a white rabbit and noticed Peter cry and flail until the rabbit was removed. Throughout her study Mary tried to introduce things Peter liked along with the rabbit to see if she could condition Peter into embracing the rabbit instead of afraid. With the other stimuli, (food) being added as the rabbit was introduced into Peter’s â€Å"space† Mary was able to bring the rabbit closer and closer until the rabbit sat on Peters lap as he ate. This counterconditioning of Peters fear not only removed his fear of Rabbits but also other fears such as, cotton, a fur coat, and Feathers (Nevid Pastva, 2011, p. 1). Contributions to psychology Peter may have been what Mary Cover Jones was most famous for, but she did much more for psychology among those are on how early and late maturation in adolescence effect personality, personality antecedents of drinking problems (Logan, 1980, 103). Mary was instrumental in her husband, Harold E.  Jones, establishment of the institute for Child Welfare at the University of California, Berkley. Mary became involved with the Oakland Growth Study where she followed a group of 200 fifth and sixth grade students from puberty to adolescences. Several follow-up studies have been done on these children as they entered adulthood. Mary Cover jones became a full professor in 1959 and in 1960 she served as president of the Division of Developmental Psychology of the American Psychological Association. That same year her husband passed away of a heart attack (Rutherford, n. . ). Conclusion Mary Cover Jones’ study of Peter challenged the predominate belief at the time that treatment of the underlying psychological conflicts rather than overt behavior is necessary to accomplish change. Her work proved that behavior can be changed through therapy and regardless of where a fear roots stem from, positive results can be achieved. Mary Cover Jones lived to be 91, and according to her sister her last words were â€Å"I am still learning about what is important in life† (Rutherford, n. d. ).

Music theory

Music theory ABSTRACT MUSIC THEORY:- Music theory is the field of study that deals with how music works. It examines the language and notation of music. It identifies patterns that govern composers techniques. In a grand sense, music theory distills and analyzes the parameters or elements of music – rhythm, harmony (harmonic function), melody, structure, form, and texture. Broadly, music theory may include any statement, belief, or conception of or about music. People who study these properties are known as music theorists. Some have applied acoustics, human physiology, and psychology to the explanation of how and why music is perceived. The Four elements of music:- Melody Harmony Rhythm Dynamics AESTHETICS:- Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics or esthetics) is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty. It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as critical reflection on art, culture and nature. Aesthetics is a subdiscipline of axiology, a branch of philosophy, and is closely associated with the philosophy of art. Aesthetics studies new ways of seeing and of perceiving the world. AESTHETICS OF MUSIC:- Traditionally, the aesthetics of music or musical aesthetics concentrated on the quality and study of the beauty and enjoyment (plaisir and jouissance) of music. Aesthetics is a sub-discipline of philosophy. However, many musicians, music critics, and other non-philosophers have contributed to the aesthetics of music. In recent decades philosophers have tended to emphasize issues besides beauty and enjoyment. It is often thought that music has the ability to affect our emotions, intellect, and psychology; lyrics can assuage our loneliness or incite our passions. For this reason, the philosopher Plato proposed that music is a dangerous entertainment that should be closely regulated by the state. It is commonly believed that human responses to music are culturally influenced. For example, musical passages in Beethoven that sounded highly dissonant to his contemporaries do not sound dissonant to listeners today. As such, musics aesthetic appeal seems highly dependent upon the culture in which it is practiced. However, there is a physical background which defines sound being proper or improper. Proper sound is perceived as gentle sound while improper sound is more or less considered nice sounding depending on what the listener is used to listen to. Harry Partch and some other musicologists like for instance Kyle Gann therefore have studied and tried to popularize microtonal music and the usage of alternate musical scales. Also many modern composers like Lamonte Young, Rhys Chatham and Glenn Branca paid much attention to a scale called just intonation. Some of the aesthetic elements expressed in music include lyricism, harmony, hypnotism, emotiveness, temporal dynamics, resonance, playfulness, and color (see also musical development). However, there has been a strong tendency in the aesthetics of music to emphasize musical structure as the most important (or even only) aesthetic element that is important in the experience of music. RHYTHM:- Rhythm is the heartbeat of music. As music passes in time, it is divided into perceptible sections, and each section subdivided further. Rhythm is the arrangement of sounds and silences in time. Meter animates time in regular pulse groupings, called measures or bars. The time signature or meter signature specifies how many beats are in a measure, and which value of written note is counted and felt as a single beat. Through increased stress and attack (and subtle variations in duration), particular tones may be accented. There are conventions in most musical traditions for a regular and hierarchical accentuation of beats to reinforce the meter. Syncopated rhythms are rhythms that accent unexpected parts of the beat. Playing simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature is called polymeter. See also polyrhythm. Rhythm is, by its simplest definition, musical time. The origin of the word is Greek, meaning flow. Rhythm is indeed the embodiment of timely flow. As meter regulates and pulsates a poem, rhythm organizes music in much the same way. The regular pulsations of the music are called the beat. Stronger beats are referred to as accented beats. Measures of music divide a piece into time-counted segments. Strong beats occur in patterns. For instance, in 4/4 time, the conductor would beat a strong beat on the first beat of every measure and another accented beat although not as strong on the third count of the measure. Because the conductors arms move downward on strong beats, especially those that begin a measure, accented beats are also referred to as downbeats. In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Bengt-Olov Palmqvist, Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff, Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, William Rothstein, and Joel Lester. Rhythm either means tempo literally, or its percussion within tempo. Like instead of just 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4. you might Get a groove like: 1-+-+-2-+-+-3-+-+-4-+-+-1-+-2-+-. Rhythm is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events. RHYTHM IN LINGUISTICS:- The study of rhythm, stress, and pitch in speech is called prosody; it is a topic in linguistics. Narmour (1980, p.147–53) describes three categories of prosodic rules which create rhythmic successions which are additive (same duration repeated), cumulative (short-long), or countercumulative (long-short). Cumulation is associated with closure or relaxation, countercumulation with openness or tension, while additive rhythms are open-ended and repetitive. Richard Middleton points out this method cannot account for syncopation and suggests the concept of transformation. A rhythmic unit is a durational pattern which occupies a period of time equivalent to a pulse or pulses on an underlying metric level, as opposed to a rhythmic gesture which does not (DeLone et al. (Eds.), 1975 ORIGINS OF HUMAN APPERCIATION OF RHYTHM:- In his series How Music Works, Howard Goodall presents theories that rhythm recalls how we walk and the heartbeat we heard in the womb. More likely is that a simple pulse or di-dah beat recalls the footsteps of another person. Our sympathetic urge to dance is designed to boost our energy levels in order to cope with someone, or some animal chasing us – a fight or flight response. From a less darwinist perspective, perceiving rhythm is the ability to master the otherwise invisible dimension, time. Rhythm is possibly also rooted in courtship ritual. Neurologist Oliver Sacks posits that human affinity for rhythm is fundamental, so much that a persons sense of rhythm cannot be lost in the way that music and language can (e.g. by stroke). In addition, he states that chimpanzees and other animals show no similar appreciation for rhythm. RYHTM NOTATION AND THE ORAL TRADITION:- Worldwide there are many different approaches to passing on rhythmic phrases and patterns, as they exist in traditional music, from generation to generation. African music In the Griot tradition of Africa everything related to music has been passed on orally. Babatunde Olatunji (1927–2003), a Nigerian drummer who lived and worked in the United States, developed a simple series of spoken sounds for teaching the rhythms of the hand drum. He used six vocal sounds: Goon Doon Go Do Pa Ta. There are three basic sounds on the drum, but each can be played with either the left or the right hand. This simple system is now used worldwide, particularly by Djembe players. Indian music Indian music has also been passed on orally. Tabla players would learn to speak complex rhythm patterns and phrases before attempting to play them. Sheila Chandra, an English pop singer of Indian descent, made performances based around her singing these patterns. In Indian Classical music, the Tala of a composition is the rhythmic pattern over which the whole piece is structured. Western music Standard music notation contains all rhythmic information and is adapted specifically for drums and percussion instruments. The drums are generally used to keep other instruments in time. They do this by supplying beats/strikes in time at a certain pace, i.e. 70 beats per minute (bpm). In Rock music, a drum beat is used to keep a bass/guitar line in time. TYPES In Western music, rhythms are usually arranged with respect to a time signature, partially signifying a meter. The speed of the underlying pulse is sometimes called the beat. The tempo is a measure of how quickly the pulse repeats. The tempo is usually measured in beats per minute (bpm); 60 bpm means a speed of one beat per second. The length of the meter, or metric unit (usually corresponding with measure length), is usually grouped into either two or three beats, being called duple meter and triple meter, respectively. If each beat is divided by two or four, it is simple meter, if by three (or six) compound meter. According to Pierre Boulez, beat structures beyond four are simply not natural. His reference is to western European music. Syncopated rhythms are rhythms that accent parts of the beat not already stressed by counting. Playing simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature is called polymeter. See also polyrhythm. In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Maury Yeston, Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff, Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, William Rothstein, and Joel Lester. Syncopated rhythms are rhythms that accent parts of the beat not already stressed by counting. Playing simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature is called polymeter. See also polyrhythm. In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Maury Yeston, Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff, Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, William Rothstein, and Joel Lester. Some genres of music make different use of rhythm than others. Most Western music is based on subdivision, while non-Western music uses more additive rhythm. African music makes heavy use of polyrhythms, and Indian music uses complex cycles such as 7 and 13, while Balinese music often uses complex interlocking rhythms. By comparison, a lot of Western classical music is fairly rhythmically (or metrically) simple; it stays in a simple meter such as 4/4 or 3/4 and makes little use of syncopation. Clave is a common underlying rhythm in African, Cuban music, and Brazilian music. In the 20th century, composers like Igor Stravinsky, Bela Bartok, Philip Glass, and Steve Reich wrote more rhythmically complex music using odd meters, and techniques such as phasing and additive rhythm. At the same time, modernists such as Olivier Messiaen and his pupils used increased complexity to disrupt the sense of a regular beat, leading eventually to the widespread use of irrational rhythms in New Complexity. This use may be explained by a comment of John Cages where he notes that regular rhythms cause sounds to be heard as a group rather than individually; the irregular rhythms highlight the rapidly changing pitch relationships that would otherwise be subsumed into irrelevant rhythmic groupings (Sandow 2004, p.257). LaMonte Young also wrote music in which the sense of a regular beat is absent because the music consists only of long sustained tones (drones). In the 1930s, Henry Cowell wrote music involving multiple simultaneous periodic rhythms and collaborated with Là ©on T hà ©rà ©min to invent the Rhythmicon, the first electronic rhythm machine, in order to perform them. Similarly, Conlon Nancarrow wrote for the player piano.